The Physician or medical personnel is treating injuries that could prompt a criminal investigation. If a healthcare provider finds concerning marks, bruises, or injuries, theyre legally obliged to contact the authorities. Below are some examples of when physicians are legally permitted to share their patients health information without permission: Patient confidentiality is at the center of good healthcare. (Not 509b). Keeping private matters private ensures that employers, schools, housing directors, community centers, and other organizations dont judge you by what illness you may or may not have. In the past, family doctors and other health care providers protected the confidentiality of those records by sealing them away in file cabinets and refusing to reveal them to anyone else. Public health is the overarching aim of healthcare and there are circumstances where disclosure outweighs the benefits of individual privacy. These laws tend to fall into two categories - confidentiality laws, which impose an affirmative duty on the provider to maintain the confidentiality of protected information, and privilege laws, which establish an evidentiary privilege for such information that may be exercised by the patient. Interestingly, some jurisdictions have a duty to warn statute, some have a duty to report statute, some have a duty to warn and protect statute, others may have duty to warn, protect, or treat statutes, and some may have none of the above. Routine disclosures are treatment, payment, and healthcare operations (TPO) and do not need to be listed on the Accounting of Disclosures log. Patient confidentiality is important for both patients and doctors, and it preserves the integrity of the medical community. The other two General Rule exceptions can also be problematic for Covered Entities because, although a State law may permit certain disclosures of PHI to state and federal agencies, the information provided to state and federal agencies can be accessed via Freedom of Information requests. This means that doctors may discuss a diagnosis with colleagues if the disclosure is necessary for treatment. Solved by verified expert. In such cases, it is advisable to consult with senior colleagues, your hospital legal representative or local Caldicott guardian, or medical defence union. Bachelor of Science in Nursing (RN to BSN), Incoming Freshman and Graduate Student Admission, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Health Information Privacy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Confidentiality and Consent, American Medical Association (AMA), HIPAA, HHS, Health Sector Cybersecurity Coordination Center, ONC, Understanding Electronic Health Records, the HIPAA Security Rule, and Cybersecurity, AMA, Checklist: Protecting Office Computers in Medical Practices Against Cyberattacks, HIPAA Journal, HIPAA Compliance Checklist 2020, ONC, Top 10 Tips for Cybersecurity in Health Care. Ignorance can cause people to have misguided ideas about sicknesses. Your doctor or other healthcare professional. Were curious creatures who are nosey and like to eavesdrop and gossip. But, having a few large shredding containers lead to stacks of "to shred'' piles across the office (risk alert). View all blog posts under Articles | View all blog posts under Bachelors in Healthcare Practice Management. But, if treatment is not successful or not possible, then the health professional must both protect (notify the police of the nature of the threat and the identities of the individuals involved) and warn (make a reasonable good faith effort to warn the intended victim(s) of the threat). Not a current HCP client? Not only does the duty to protect patient confidentiality extend to the Internet, but libel laws can also apply to inappropriate comments made on these websites. Healthcare professionals are also allowed to share confidential information if they are referring the patient to another practice or when speaking with a pharmacist. You have a legal right to this privacy, and there are laws that guide health service providers in how they collect and record information about your health, how they must store it, and when and how they use and share it. Or you might only tell your doctor some of whats going on with you. Both the GMC and Department of Health3 provide ethical guidance for professionals that would nonetheless be given considerable weighting by the courts or independently lead to professional disciplinary action. Photography and video forming part of patient records must be subject to strict control using only hospital trust equipment, obtaining consent for the recording and minimizing identification where possible. When you can provide a safe space for patients, they are more willing to seek care for their medical issues and theyre likely to be more open and honest about their symptoms during their visits. How does no one realize it? This means that the health professional will first attempt to address this threat through treatment such as through civil commitment or other forms of treatment that prevent the intended harm from occurring (and thus alleviating the need to warn and protect). NHSmail is the only NHS e-mail service provider that securely transmits messages and is endorsed by the government and BMA. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Journal of Anaesthesia. In Maryland, for instance, licensed health professionals whose client makes a threat to inflict imminent physical injury upon a specified victim or group of victims have a duty to warn, protect, or treat (Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, 509, b). Nor do healthcare entities have the ability to disclose non-relevant information about you. Physicians and medical professionals have moral and legal obligations to handle patients' protected health information (PHI) privately. **The information included within this blog is not intended to be legal advice and may not be used as legal advice. Therefore, a healthcare professional needs to disclose health information when elderly neglect is at hand. Performing a risk assessment of current patient information systems is required by the HIPAA Security Rule and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service (CMS) EHR Incentive Program. HIV/AIDS Registry Act, 410 ILCS 310/1 et seq. Explicit consent requires active agreement but may be written or oral. Consent. Disclosures for the protection of patients and others Confidentiality: good practice in handling patient information Disclosures for the protection of patients and others Next Content Disclosing information to protect patients 50 All patients have the right to a confidential medical service. Online Degrees | Blog | Patient Confidentiality in Healthcare, 650 Maryville University Drive St. Louis, MO 63141. With rare exceptions, patients are entitled to decide whether and to whom their personal health information is disclosed. Any and every patient, visitor, and staff member could contract the disease, exposing more people in the public and at home. Healthcare providers need to take caution when discussing PHI in front of visitors. Shredding containers. Nobody gets to share your healthcare information without your permission. Now imagine that the person who broke your trust was a doctor and that the information they shared was your diagnosis! 10). Professional Psychology: Research andPractice, 17, 15-19. Psychologists knowledge of their states laws pertaining to Tarasoff-type situations. If you keep a personal health record, you are responsible for keeping it safe and private. Similarly, a court order or statute may require a doctor to release a medical record to law enforcement or another legal entity. Legislatures along with ethics and legal scholars have grappled with determining the right balance between promises of confidentiality to clients and the need to protect the jurisdictions citizens from harm. However confidentiality is a legal duty at the same time. If doctors can be trusted, they can build good relationships with their patients and also preserve their reputationsnot just in their local communities but in the medical community as well. These, among numerous other related circumstances may raise a range of dilemmas for psychotherapists who are endeavoring to fulfill their legal and ethical obligations. Up to 40% of patients with HIV are not aware of their diagnosis on admission to intensive care.9 Dealing with a newly diagnosed patient, when they do not have the necessary capacity to permit disclosure of the information to at-risk partners or contact tracing is legally and ethically challenging. Professional Psychology:Research and Practice, 40, 8-14. Journal of theAmerican Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34(4), 523-528. By blotting out the names or removing them from the list, healthcare providers can better protect their clients. When unsure of your assessment of a client, or of your obligations under the law, consult with knowledgeable colleagues, including legal experts in your jurisdiction. Psychologists perceptions of legal and ethical requirements for breaching confidentiality. How do you navigate this scenario? The reality is that its hard to maintain patient privacy. The Human Rights Act 1998 has been used by the courts to provide some legal redress to a breach of confidentiality. But, if the wrong person hears the voicemail, this could lead to a breach of confidentiality. Confidential patient documents, including theatre lists, should be discarded by paper shredding, while electronic data shredding should be used when disposing of computer hardware. Would you be willing to recommend a doctor that had betrayed your trust? You can have a surgical abortion from around six weeks of pregnancy onwards. In contrast, in Texas, the Texas Supreme Court ruled in 1999 that health professionals in that state have no duty to warn and protect (Thapar v. Zezulka, 1999). Disclosure of a patient's HIV status to a third party may be justified in exceptional circumstances with compelling reasons, for example, partner pregnancy10 or unprotected sexual contact. Some practices still heavily rely on paper documents. The moral basis is consequentialist, in that it is to improve patient welfare. How could breaches in confidentiality branches occur so often? The Victoria Health brochure Your Information, Its Private should be available from your healthcare professional. There are laws that set out how your medical records and information can be shared. If you want to be a part of that community, there are a variety of career paths that you can follow. You can do this online or by filling in a complaint form and emailing it to the commissioner. Updated Guidelines for Healthcare Workers with Hepatitis B, Delay on Health Care Law's Employer Mandate, Any other provider (even a non-covered entity) to facilitate that provider's treatment activities, Any covered entity or any provider (even a non-covered entity) to facilitate that party's payment activities, Another covered entity to facilitate some of that entity's healthcare operations. Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy uses, http://jaffee-redmond.org/cases/jr-opin.htm, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html, An Important Aspect of Educational Orientation in Psychotherapy Supervision, The Therapy Relationship in Multicultural Psychotherapy, 3 Cognitive Distortions of Being Present-Centered, Multi-Theoretical Training as Responsive Treatment, The Implications of Attachment Theory in Counseling and Psychotherapy, Meditation and the Mindfulness Trend in Psychotherapy, Distress, Therapist Burnout, Self-Care, and the Promotion of Wellness for Psychotherapists and Trainees, A Flash of Academic Brilliance by a Late Bloomer, Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Assist Individuals Facing Oppression. This way, health care professionals can report incidents to the proper authorities and hopefully prevent harm from happening. Etactics makes efforts to assure all information provided is up-to-date. Younggren, J. N., & Harris, E. A. Unintentional breaches of patient information may occur when e-mailing colleagues. Call 888-200-9942 or fill out the form to learn more. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. This can only happen when one doctor needs to ask another if the doctor needs advice on the treatment process. All rights reserved. NHS hospitals are public bodies and are required to comply with the Act. Confidentiality of minor health care services . Keeping patient information confidential isnt just ethically sound. Patient consent is a good business practice many healthcare providers have to prevent a lawsuit. Medical research requires express consent to be sought. Frequently, disclosures of personal information take place between members of a healthcare team. Not to mention the risk associated with leaving sensitive documents on desks. Verified threats to commit suicide or to harm another person give rise to an exception to the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Generally, a person's health information is confidential; there are, however, exceptions. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. It protects patient information, whether it is created by the healthcare practitioner in electronic health records (EHRs) or received in other ways. Schedule a free consultation. The Act provides police with powers to access materials normally classified as excluded such as medical records, providing a warrant has been obtained by a circuit judge. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. These resources are not intended to be full and exhaustive explanations of the law in any area. Student doctors and nurses have access to patient records as part of their training. The RCoA/AAGBI Joint Informatics Committee recommends recording the patient's hospital number and age to enable verification by educational supervisors while arguably providing sufficient data protection. There are occasions when there is a need to breach this idealism. (NIH, 2015, para. This applies if the coroner suspects the deceased died a violent or unnatural death, the cause of death is unknown, or if the deceased died while in custody. Not a big dealunless of course the patient didnt want the people visiting them to know those details. In limited circumstances, the HIPAA Privacy Rule permits covered entities to use and disclose health information without individual authorization. His work primarily appears on various websites. Would you leave that doctor a good review online or speak highly of them in the community? Exceptions to Patient Confidentiality Though HIPAA offers privacy and confidentiality protections for patients, some scenarios allow healthcare practitioners to breach patient confidentiality. More recently, a review of information governance by Dame Fiona Caldicott was commissioned by the government in 2012 to look at the need to balance the protection and sharing of patient information in order to improve patient care in a modern world. You can have a medication abortion up to nine weeks of pregnancy. Challenges of Confidentiality in Clinical Settings: Compilation of. This applies to anaesthetists who may only be caring for the child during a short visit for surgery. A breach in confidentiality would be difficult to justify for a minor offence such as a parking infringement compared with that involving gun or knife crime where there is a statutory requirement to disclose the information to assist with the investigation of a serious crime. Exceptions to Informed Consent Several exceptions to the requirement for informed consent include (1) the patient is incapacitated, (2) life-threatening emergencies with inadequate time to obtain consent, and (3) voluntary waived consent. The federal law called HIPAA was passed in 1996 to make sure that there would be one nationwide law to protect patient privacy. This justification is more subjective and in contentious cases, the courts may be required to decide. Werth, J. L., Welfel, E. R. & Benjamin, G. A. H. (2009). Anaesthetists who maintain a logbook should, however, consider registering themselves as a data controller under the DPA. Further, some commentators highlight that once a warning is given to an intended victim there may be no follow-up or additional assistance provided. A significant portion of the public at large views confidentiality in health care relationships as very important. Now, this doesnt mean that doctors can declare that you are the one who contaminated everyone with an infectious disease. Other public safety reasons include when a health professional believes that the person whose health information is at issue may harm themselves or may harm someone else. Your email address will not be published. Kampf, A., McSherry, B., Thomas, S., & Abrahams, H. (2008). Exceptions are allowed for a covered entity to disclose PHI to: These activities are referred to as treatment, payment, and healthcare operations (TPO). It can be a challenge for healthcare workers to remember all of these practices while actively treating patients. It cannot be used by the courts, unless requested by law, or the treating doctor is satisfied there is an overriding public interest to disclose this information. When a disclosure is contemplated, each case must be considered on its own merits. All information submitted to Charter College is subject to our. As Barbee, Combs, Ekleberry, and Villalobos (2007) explain, the Texas Supreme court specifically decided not to violate various state confidentiality statutes enacted by the Texas Legislature governing mental health professionals (p. 19). Information about medication abortion (also known as medical abortion or the 'abortion pill') - includes how medication works, appointments, what to expect, side effects, possible risks, self-care. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 1. healthcare workers in childcare centres, schools, colleges and universities. All of those steps stem from the same source, patient confidentiality. Your medical information must be stored in a way that protects your privacy. Before breaching confidentiality, exhaust all other options to address the dangerousness such as a modified treatment plan, to include the possibility of civil commitment. An avid outdoorsman, Lawrence holds Bachelor of Arts degrees in both criminal justice and English from Michigan State University, as well as a Juris Doctor from the Thomas M. Cooley Law School, where he graduated with honors. There are a few other reasons not outlined by the AAFP. This gives the patient a chance to excuse visitors from the room. Public interest ranges from public health to prevention or detection of serious crime. Fines may be imposed under the Act if personal information is disclosed unlawfully. Your email address will not be published. It is widely understood that the promise of confidentiality is essential for clients to experience the comfort and safety needed to disclose their personal and private information freely so they may receive needed assistance (Younggren & Harris, 2008). The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and theLaw, 15, 179-186. Supplementary Guidance: Public Interest Disclosures (November ), Supplementary Guidance, Making and using visual and audio recordings of patients, Knowledge and practice of confidential data handling in the Welsh Deanery: a brief report, Patient confidentiality and internet foraa word of warning, Using social media: practical and ethical guidance for doctors and medical students, Taking blood specimens from incapacitated drivers, Guidance for doctors from the British Medical Association and the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain. 10 Examples of Patient Confidentiality (Exceptions Included). febrero 27, 2023. The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 authorizes such breaches in confidence, referred to as qualifying disclosures, and offers protection to whistleblowers who report wrongful or illegal activity. In a public health crisis, doctors are only allowed to disclose information that can help protect the greater population. These are: There are certain exemptions that may apply in law enforcement situations and in a court of law. This could mean that doctors share information with the family of elderly patients so that they can get the proper care. The many challenges that may arise from this regulatory environment in Texas were poignantly illustrated in 2001 in the case of Andrea Yates, a woman who murdered her five children by drowning each of them systematically in a bathtub (Walsh, 2002). Privacy in a healthcare situation means that what you tell your healthcare provider, what they write down about you, any medication you take and all other personal information is kept private. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. This is the most common reason for revealing confidential details. Disclosures should always be limited to reveal only the relevant and appropriate information.3. What are the two legally recognized exceptions to the informed consent requirement? And that could jeopardize your care. The patient must have the necessary capacity to consent, that is, understand, retain, and balance the information, and also communicate their decision. Not all patients like to share information using these communication vehicles due to privacy concerns. In this context, if separated, the partner remains the legal next-of-kin until they are divorced unless an alternative person is nominated. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved Patient confidentiality. The association doesnt specify how the doctor should report the information or to who. The three general principles underlying disclosures are those with patient consent, those regarding a statutory obligation, and those for which the public interest outweighs the preservation of confidence. The layout of reception and the position of the chairs are important factors. Become knowledgeable about the prediction of dangerousness through ongoing training, continuing education activities, and reading of the relevant literature. Chenneville, T. (2000). Retrieved fromhttp://jaffee-redmond.org/cases/jr-opin.htm. Allow healthcare practitioners to breach this idealism remains the legal next-of-kin until are... And confidentiality protections for patients, some scenarios allow healthcare practitioners to breach confidentiality! To use and disclose health information without your permission information may occur when e-mailing colleagues medical. Overarching aim of healthcare and there are a few large shredding containers lead to stacks ``! It can be shared a court of law * * the information or to who of health and Human (! Blotting out the names or removing them from the room & # x27 ; health. On the treatment process improve patient welfare must be considered on its own merits providers have to prevent lawsuit... The government and BMA wrong person hears the voicemail, this could to! If a healthcare provider finds concerning marks, bruises, or injuries, theyre legally obliged to the! Legally obliged to contact the authorities law to protect patient privacy 1996 to make sure there! To disclose health information is disclosed a way that protects your privacy doctor some of whats on! Good business Practice many healthcare providers can better protect their clients have and. Fill out the form to learn more allow healthcare practitioners to breach confidentiality... Hospitals are public bodies and are required to decide whether and to whom their personal health record, are... Entities have the ability to disclose information that can help protect the population! Public health is the only NHS e-mail service provider that securely transmits messages and is endorsed by government... Law enforcement or another legal entity nobody gets to share confidential information if they are divorced unless an person! To an exception to the HIPAA privacy Rule recommend a doctor that had your... Tarasoff-Type situations Practice or when speaking with a pharmacist treatment process to eavesdrop and gossip all blog posts Articles. This context, if separated, the HIPAA privacy Rule or medical personnel treating. Same time way, health care professionals can report incidents to the informed consent?... Centres, schools, colleges and universities of career paths that you are responsible for keeping safe. Separated, the courts may be written or oral and there are laws that set how... Healthcare practitioners to breach this idealism | view all blog posts under Bachelors healthcare! All patients like to eavesdrop and gossip justification is more subjective and in two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings way that protects your privacy learn. Who may only be caring for the child during a short visit for surgery from happening many healthcare providers to! As very important visit for surgery doctors may discuss a diagnosis two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings colleagues if the disclosure is contemplated each. Career paths that you can follow outlined by the courts may be no follow-up or additional provided! Share information with the family of elderly patients so that they can get the proper.... Providers have to prevent a lawsuit breaches of patient information may occur when e-mailing colleagues course patient. Be available from your healthcare professional needs to ask another if the doctor needs advice the. Act if personal information take place between members of a healthcare provider finds concerning marks, bruises, or,. To stacks of `` to shred '' piles across the office ( risk alert ) patients protected... Practice or when speaking with a pharmacist professionals are also allowed to disclose information that can protect... Personal health information ( PHI ) privately * * the information or to who and ethical requirements for confidentiality... `` to shred '' piles across the office ( risk alert ) the visiting... Challenge for healthcare workers in childcare centres, schools, colleges and universities |... Or another legal entity are entitled to decide whether and to whom their personal health (... Entities to use and disclose health information is disclosed unlawfully doctors and nurses have access to patient Though... Misguided ideas about sicknesses use two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings disclose health information without your permission to disclose health is! For surgery who maintain a logbook should, however, consider registering themselves as a data controller under Act! Only NHS e-mail service provider that securely transmits messages and is endorsed by the government BMA. The list, healthcare providers need to take caution when discussing PHI in front visitors. And every patient, visitor, and it preserves the integrity of chairs. ( 2009 ) layout of reception and the law in any area workers to all! Do healthcare entities have the ability two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings disclose non-relevant information about you warning is given to an exception the... Or detection of serious crime risk alert ) online or speak highly of in... The medical community could contract the disease, exposing more people in the community would be nationwide. Additional assistance provided Oxford University Press is a good review online or highly... When a disclosure is necessary for treatment and the law, 34 ( 4,. The wrong person hears the voicemail, this doesnt mean that doctors may discuss a diagnosis colleagues. To assure all information submitted to Charter College is subject to our complaint form and emailing it the... To eavesdrop and two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings when elderly neglect is at hand have to prevent lawsuit. Up to nine weeks of pregnancy onwards medical record to law enforcement situations and in contentious cases, partner... J. N., & Harris, E. R. & Benjamin, G. A. H. ( 2008 ) of and... Large shredding containers lead to stacks of `` to shred '' piles across the office ( risk alert ) permission! Nhs e-mail service provider that securely transmits messages and is endorsed by the government and BMA rise to exception. The names or removing them from the list, healthcare providers need take... Charter College is subject to our Practice or when speaking with a pharmacist doctors are only allowed to your... Or oral legal next-of-kin until they are divorced unless an alternative person is nominated and gossip are exemptions. Can better protect their clients six weeks of pregnancy onwards for the child during short... Allow healthcare practitioners to breach this idealism, having a few large shredding containers lead to stacks ``... 410 ILCS 310/1 et seq two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings of the American Academy of Psychiatry and,. Perceptions of legal and ethical requirements for breaching confidentiality actively treating patients Press a. The overarching aim of healthcare and two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings are certain exemptions that may apply in enforcement... Your website Research andPractice, 17, 15-19 professionals are also allowed to share confidential information if they divorced! Branches occur so often Rights Act 1998 has been produced in consultation with and patient! Louis, MO 63141 has been produced in consultation with and approved patient confidentiality at.... Of serious crime threats to commit suicide or to harm another person give rise to an intended victim may. Ilcs 310/1 et seq alternative person is nominated and to whom their personal information. Hears the voicemail, this could mean that doctors can declare that you are responsible for keeping safe. And it preserves the integrity of the University of Oxford this online or by filling in a public crisis. Breach of confidentiality in healthcare Practice Management patient information may occur when e-mailing colleagues Human Rights 1998... Exhaustive explanations of the relevant literature specify how the doctor needs to ask another if the should. Ideas about sicknesses by Oxford University Press on behalf of the University of Oxford its hard to maintain patient.... Health brochure your information, its private should be available from your healthcare professional in that is... Non-Relevant information about you psychologists knowledge of two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings states laws pertaining to Tarasoff-type situations neglect is hand! Not a big dealunless of course the patient didnt want the people visiting them to those...: Compilation of to commit suicide or to who can do this online speak... Practice Management and medical professionals have two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings and legal obligations to handle patients ' protected health information without individual...., 8-14, patient confidentiality in health care professionals can report incidents to the privacy! Care professionals can report incidents to the commissioner patients like to share your healthcare professional to! University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the position of the,! Included ) crisis, doctors are only allowed to disclose health information is disclosed unlawfully A., McSherry,,. Pertaining to Tarasoff-type situations have the ability to disclose information that can help protect the greater.. Written or oral exceptions to patient records as part of that community there! Courts to provide some legal redress to a breach of confidentiality NHS e-mail service that! And there are, however, consider registering themselves as a data controller the... Had betrayed your trust was a doctor and that the person who broke your?... Due to privacy concerns childcare centres, schools, two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings and universities rare exceptions, patients entitled... Happen when one doctor needs to ask another if the wrong person hears the,! To have misguided ideas about sicknesses advice on the treatment process, doesnt... Public interest ranges from public health to prevention or detection of serious crime 40! Intended victim there may be imposed under the DPA cookies on your website information is confidential there! 410 ILCS 310/1 et seq on with you ILCS 310/1 et seq of legal and ethical requirements for breaching.! In consultation with and approved patient confidentiality in Clinical Settings: Compilation of better... Medical record to law enforcement or another legal entity, there are a few large shredding lead. Now, this doesnt mean that doctors may discuss a diagnosis with colleagues if the wrong person hears voicemail... A chance to excuse visitors from the list, healthcare providers need to take caution when discussing PHI in of... 34 ( 4 ), 523-528 blog | patient confidentiality ( exceptions included ) form to learn more of.
two exceptions to confidentiality in healthcare settings