The women and children are also told to lie down, and are covered over with rugs and bushes, some of the men running round amongst them to see that this formality is properly carried out. The body, nicely tied up in bark, was carried to it by friends of the deceased. These men, who are called keerang (bushes), approach the kweealbang in single file, each one holding a green bush in front of him, which hides his face and body as far as the waist, and as they walk along they make a shrill sound resembling the howling of the dingo, or wild dog. The fishing line was called ylrra- warn, and the hook pirrewuy. Some of the hooks were fashioned of bone after the primitive style, but they usually preferred the hooks that my father was able to supply. They came upon them at Black Camp Creek and wiped out the tribe, with the exception of one black named Mundiva. He is a Koori There were other types of spears, of course, for hunting purposes, and perhaps war. Many Wonnarua may be uncertain of their heritage and the Elders are keen to help their members trace their family lines. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 6 Jul 1943 Page 4 WILD BLACKS. This only lasts a few minutes and then all the men follow after the novices. Ceremonies in the Bush. All the armed men who are standing round, make a noise by beating together two boomerangs, or any two weapons which they may happen to have with them. Creating a family tree on Microsoft word is simple and straightforward. To signify the religious importance, the initiates were given rock crystals warmed in an open fire and told that these were the excrement of the great spirit Goign (hence the meaning of goonambangthe place of excrement). The men stoop down, and clear away with their hands all leaves and rubbish from the surface of the ground around each tree, and the novices are brought to this clear space, with their heads bowed, and are told to look up at the marks on the tree. Mathews, R.H. 1897. In times of wet weather when long continued rain (Kueywon) made everyone and everything miserable and gloomy, the old men of the tribe would perform a remark- able ceremony to ensure a recurrence of fine weather. in that locality. established a heifer station at Bakers Creek, twelve miles north-east of Gloucester, now known as Upper Ghangat. In the days of which I speak the great bats subsisted entirely on gum blossoms and what native fruits were available In the brushes. Their creation spirit is Baiami, also known as Koin, the creator of all things and the Keeper of the Valley. Here a halt is made, and the keerang start away back to the womens camp, and report that the men and boys will arrive in a few hours time. Some sheets of bark are now laid on the ground just inside the boundary of the back part of the ring, or, in other words, on that side of it which is farthest from the pathway leading to the goonambang. A service provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The body was dropped in sideways and after a stone hatchet and a club were placed beside it the grave was filled in and the ceremonies ended. The lads of the tribe were my playfellows. If it chanced the long white worms commonly found in bush animals, these would be swallowed with with rare gusto as the greatest delicacy of all. The sisters of each boy then go up to him, and rub their feet on his ankles. [5], The Wonnarua people appeared to use a similar language to the Awabakal people, called Awabakal language, that is being reviewed by oral historians and linguists in order to develop a comprehensive dictionary of the language of the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie regions. As- suming that the invitation has been accepted, the initiator immediately commences to prepare the keeparra ground, and dispatches another set of messengers, each of whom are on this occasion provided with a bull-roarer (goonandhakeea), several tails or kilts, a belt, and other articles. stream When the boys have been sufficiently smoked, their guardians take them away, and they are followed by the other men for about 100 yards. They were made to lie prostrate on the ground, and were covered with rugs and blankets, an old man guarding them, waddy in hand, as I had seen many years before. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! The dead were carried from miles around to be buried in these places. Then two men proceeded to the camp of the females, two or three hundred yards distant, and marched them and the children with their heads prone to the circle, where they were made to lie down and be covered up with boughs, rugs, bark, and whatever was at hand. What struck him was the wonderful time they kept, and their singing at the end of every performance. The fire-maker would squat himself on the ground, the soles of his feet on the larger length of wood to hold it firm, the thinner section between the palms of his hands, its tapered point on the. It could hardly be said that they had any conception of a God, yet they feared, and feared profoundly, some terrible invisible being they named Cooen supposedly capable of exercising a maleficent influence over their lives. Figure 3: Richard Browne (17711824). Nets are spread in a line upon the ground, and beside them are some coolamins containing water. The up-country blacks took no part In this part of the ceremony, one of them informing me that the branch breaking was never done in his part of the district at the poombit making. The Valley was always there. According to oral tradition quite a number were shot at the place called Waterloo although the police (or soldiers) eventually retreated. Now such doings as have been reported of Mr F t (and I can prove that on one occasion lately he said in presence of some white people, when a poor blackfellow came and insisted on taking home his wife, that he would not give her up although the Governor himself came in person and ordered it). He did not own the land, the land owned him. Bail catch fish, he said. The hosts now get up and go outside, where they remain standing in a group, and one or more of their number commence sounding, the goonandhakeea or bull-roarer. It will be seen how easily the blacks word Tugag pronounced by them Toon- gang was corrupted. Note the belt. [6], This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. The bull-roarers are then given into the hands of the novices, who touch their bodies with them. One [researcher] described Frasers work as most unsatisfactory and unquestion- ably the most inaccurate and garbled account ever published about the Aborigines. Despite this demolition of Frasers credentials and abilities, the word Guringai wasnt demolished with its authors reputation and it was picked up from time to time until it became widely accepted as the name for the original inhabitants of northern Sydney or of their language. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 25 Apr 1919 Page 3 The Earliest Inhabitants. These were particular favorites, and it was no uncommon sight to see a group of excited blacks hacking at a log and dragging out the long, squirming worms ( which they would swallow raw and wriggling. If the course of performances in the bush have been completed, the boys may be returned next day, but if some further instruction is necessary, the date is arranged accordingly. The blacks had lately been very troublesome and bold. All you need to do is follow the two simple processes give above. They pronounced g nasally like the ng in sing. The T and D sounds were very difficult to differentiate. The weight and strength of the whole spear was regulated according to the purpose for which It was specifically intended, thus the heaviest of them were utilised only for spearing the big sea mullet which swarm into the harbor in countless millions at certain seasons of the year. Examination of Rodwell continuedit was not more than a minute after we came up to their camp, that the blacks threw their spears, and boomarings at us; they attacked us without any provocation on our part; after they threw their spears, four or five shots were fired from our party; I fired, and the deceased fired also I think at the man who wounded him ; the blacks still continued to throw their spears at us after they had wounded the deceased; Flynn pulled out the spear first, then discharged his fowling piece, and followed the prisoner; the deceased called out to me that he had been speared, and pointed to the black who had speared him; I afterwards took off Flynns shirt, and examined the wound ; the wound bled very little; I did not think it a dangerous one; the deceased did not complain of much pain; he walked the first day after he had received the wound, I should think 13 or 14 miles; on the next day he walked to the Courthouse at Williams River, which was about eight miles distance ; on the following morning he left the Courthouse to go to the General Hospital at Newcastle, but on the way I heard that he was taken ill, and conveyed by one of the drays of the Australian Agricultural Company to. "I'm just sad that such a beautiful area like the Hunter Valley is going to be turned into an unliveable landscape, ultimately, by the scourge of mining," Mr Franks said. During winter would hunt kangaroos, emus, possums and wombats, fish and other animals. The latter keep marching on, and the keerang follow them till they arrive at a water-hole or running stream, which has previously been agreed upon as a suitable bathing place. In referring to the Manning River blacks he mentions two . I never knew the blacks to steal anything from our premises except water-melons, of which they were extremely fond. A few sheets of bark, leaning on a pole against a tree, served him as shelter through days of sunshine or nights of storm and rain. The recorded history of the Wonnarua begins in the early nineteenth century when the Europeans settled. Kiripit (now Rawdon Vale) 26 miles west of Glouces- ter, was then a sheep station, managed by Robert Mackenzie, afterwards Sir Robert. It will perhaps be interesting to describe another keeparra ground visited by me, which is situated between three and four miles north-easterly from the village of Gresford, New South Wales. Birds were easily secured and were an abundant part of the daily meal. 101 0 obj
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Dr McKinlay relates an interesting anecdote in this connec- tion that is worth repeating. There is none left now of the populous tribe that once inhabited the district, and the sole surviving relic, poor, unfortunate Brandy passed to the care of the great spirit, Coen, more than fifteen years ago. The bush abounded with game in the form of kangaroos, wallabies, possums, emus, flying-foxes, wild duck, swans, parrots, pigeons. The latter, on receiving this token of their concurrence, then selects a suitable plan in some part of his own territory where game is sufficiently plentiful to afford food for his visitors, and there he commences to prepare the ground. There was a big fire and round it were seated the [women] who were beating possum skins stretched tight across their knees. I was born at Carrington, Port Stephens, on September 19. Driven to extremes, the white men, took the arsenic (which served in lieu of strychnine for dingo poisoning), mixed it in dampers, and laid a death trail for their enemies. The tail of a squirrel or opossum has previously been fastened on the side of this hole by one of the men, unknown to the boys, to convey the idea that the rest of the animal is within. This nomadic minstrel was a most important individual, posturing, gesticulating and leaping about the fitful flames of the camp fire he would sing, over and over again, his latest melody, which usually had to do with some well known incident. The edible fruits found in the Barrington Tops area include: orange thorn, wild apple tree, giant stinging tree, figs, native cherry, geebung, na tive raspberry, lillypilly and medicines like Kangaroo apple and corkwood. To-day looking on this quiet and peaceful scene it is hard to believe that where one stand was enacted one of those terrible tragedies that unfortunately too often happened in the early days when the white pioneers were taking up the land and outsing the primitive aboriginals from their hunting grounds. [3], On 5 September 1995, descendants of Sara Madoo, a traditional custodian of the Wonnarua lands, passed the Federal Court registration test of native title claims, pursuant to Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) s190A. Instinct and. The Baiame story tells how Baiame came down from the sky to the land and created rivers, mountains, and forests. The men also decorate themselves in their full regalia. Elizabeth and Jack might still conceive . Around the Manning River basin, there were reports of waterholes and gifts of food being laced with arsenic known as The Harmony so the jungle of the Barrington became a refuge for Aboriginal people. . The men and boys who remained at the water-hole or creeL in the busl, as soon as the keerang left them, proceeded to wash the coloring matter off their bodies. The manner in which they ate fish was always a marvel to me. This noise is made so that if the string of one of the bull-roarers should break - which sometimes happens - the women would not hear it falling on the ground. The first recipient never troubled about being deprived of possession, and enjoyed more the uses to which It was put by his friends. The Australian Museum holds a large number of cultural material and objects obtained from archaeological sites in New South Wales, as well as items from various regions throughout Australia. The settlers from the Williams River side came across to the head of the Gloucester driving the blacks before them while the settlers on this side drove all the blacks up the river and at last cornered them on the small flat above McKenzies cliffs where they shot men women and children without mercy or consideration. Thus was the culprit found. This template also provides some clues as to where the . Rubbing the palms together he would cause the upright stick he held to revolve rapidly, the point gradually boring Its way through the pith beneath. On his return into the dock, the reverend interpreter stated, that the constable in charge of the prisoner had just been using him with unnecessary roughness ; upon which the constable (John Proctor) was interrogated from the bench, and he stated that the prisoner made an effort to free himself entirely from his clothes. The principal bora ground was in Mr. Harold McLeods paddock and today one can see the ring plainly. all one afternoon, until stopped by the manager of the station and his men, but while the manager was persuading the. This is said to be done to cause the novices hands and arms to grow stronger. As with all aspects of Aboriginal history in the Hunter Region, evidence relating to diet is almost exclusively related to the coastal areas. Stings never seemed to trouble them beyond a shake of their woolly head and a squeak. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. As everything relating to these ceremonies is kept very secret it is only hearsay. Derby [carried] the letter. When the grave, which was very neatly dug with the rudest implements, was considered to be of sufficient depth a man got into it and tried it by lying down at full length. It may have had some- thing to do with the mystery bags that formed part of the equipment of the adults. The possum was hauled from his hole in a rotted limb or spout and tossed to the ground. The pieces of burning bark which the sisters of the novices have been obliged to carry, as before stated, are left at the kweealbang. The same location is given for both these poisonings, Upper Gangat. This will be seen when the reader has a full account of the Mt. I immediately acquainted Captain Moffatt and proposed to him to send three soldiers, under the Sergeant, or Field, the Constable, to assist in pursuing the murderers. Each messenger on arriving at his destination would be received in the manner already described, and would hand the bull-roarer to the head-man, who would take charge of it, and the tails would be distributed to the men to whom they had been sent. In regard to the food supply of a camp, Dr McKinlay states that the aborigines lived well and happily about Dungog. [8], A range of alternate names for the Wonnarua people are Wanaruah, Wanaruwa, Wonnuaruah, Wannerawa, Wonarura, and Wonnahare. I recollect a very terrible time in my youth, when an outbreak of measles deci- mated the tribe In a most tragic manner. The men of one tribe dance one evening - their women beating time for them; the next night the men and women of another tribe provide the evenings amusement. The mothers of the novices are painted with red and white stripes on the face, chest and arms. |Last modifications, Copyright 2000-2022 sensagent Corporation: Online Encyclopedia, Thesaurus, Dictionary definitions and more. Another bush dainty, easily procurable in the right season, was the curramali, a fruit that grew on a little vine in the bush. The mothers then pass out under the arms of the men; then the sisters pass out, and lastly all the other women and the men who had charge of them in the ring, and stand close by as spectators of the remainder of the proceedings. They had, too, a custom ofdaubing their hands and feet with a com pound of fat and red ochre, and then impressing them on No. The rays of the sun then accomplished the remainder of the task. Hurst wrote that fatal disease, introduced by licentious Europeans interfered with the natural source of supply and increase. They had their little spots over deep water (and the. As my instructions from the Governor were very strict with regard to prosecuting those whether bond or free who detained any of the black women contrary to their wish or that of their friends. The branch of the tribe inhabiting the Cape Hawke district and those located along the Barrington River valley early evinced decided hostility towards the incom- ing settlers, with whom the Cape Hawke [Forster] natives came into open conflict at Waterloo [just north of Bunyah] on the Upper Wallamba resulting in a bloodless victory for the natives. Whatever number of animals were required for the feast would be selected and openedThe paunch would be ripped open and it s con tents of undigested grass devoured with the greatest relish. sunrise, one of the headmen pretends to see a large brown squirrel [possum] going into a hole in a tree growing near the camp, and asks one of the men to catch it. Mr Angus McDonald, who was living at Underbank House could remember a camp of over 300 on Canningalla estate. It means a place to be shunned. There was a bora ring on the property of the late Justin Bruyn, on Sugarloaf, and was situated on what was known as Bora ridge. The men tap the ends of their boomerangs together as they walk, and the women wave their arms. It needed but little to divert the simple minds of the natives. The men help each other at this work, until every man and boy present have been painted white all over their bodies. Wonnarua Nation Strategic Plan 2009-2012 - https://goo.gl/HVVNFo. It was longer and narrower, shaped more like a wedge than the axe of to- day. By this time the keerang have reached the clear space at the keelaybang, where they throw down their bushes and spread out in a line in front of the novices, and jump about, swaying their arms, after which they retire to one end of the camp. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 18 Mar 1927 Page 5 Early Days Of Port Stephens. Note the way the dilli-bag is slung. Robert Syron, The Kabook and Watoo People of the Gringai Barrington River Gloucester, NSW https://goo.gl/MfqAYm (SYR). When it is thought that they have seen this sufficiently, they are requested to turn their faces towards the ground as before. The attire usually consisted of a kangaroo skin tied round the middle with a belt of fibre or sinews. One of a small camp of blacks about a quarter of a mile from our house died of some sickness. It was their only bridge, and all their children went to school over it. The blacks living in the district that extends from just about where Brookfield now is to the headwaters of the Chichester and the Williams belonged to a tribe known as the Gringai. The Wonnarua people, otherwise written Wanarruwa, are a group of Aboriginal Australian people united by strong ties of kinship, and who survived in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. The mysticism of the event was incomprehensible to them at this point, and complete trust in their guardian was all they had. Create your family tree now Free use forever No credit card required Create your family tree now Discover more for design. The Dungog blacks spoke practically the same language as all the coastal tribes from the Manning River as far south as Botany Bay. (R`u'mnyp@=F`PftG; f0+v~qcBd;I{vs>;[
\LX[ 'uEq?~T-I3OQZEpY3q=SBNX_> $Cwo,L"V1*E 9FC%dS.J$y^,xg"z Cf`#?\%)K9*L=JE. I. am informed they are camped between my place and Mr Boydells. A dreamtime story from the Wonnarua explains how the hills and rivers in the Hunter Valley were created by a spirit called Baiame. Australian Race 1887, pp350-359. A row of wooden forks, about 4 or 5 feet high, are first inserted in the ground, and saplings laid from fork to fork, resembling a fence with only one top rail. They had a simple and quick method of their own, that used by their forefathers through centuries of time, one indeed common to savage peoples all over the world, the creating of a spark by the friction of two pieces of wood rubbed together. The [deceaseds] father and mother stayed for some days by the grave, making the top of it their bed; the mother never left it for some days after, and was found dead by a relation at the place, the cause being undoubtedly grief. Just as the t in tinko was turned into d in dingo so the t in Tugag became d, and the nasality of the final g being dropped the word became Dungag and Dungog. The old men who are in the ring with the women, therefore, conduct each mother to her son where he is standing holding the hand of the men on each side of him. The men at the camp pull the leaves off the boughs thrown down by the keerang, who sit down at one end of the clear space. A relic of those wild old days was Broken-backed Tommy. Tommy had survived the morning of the flight when Bagdells party drove him and his panicstricken comrades over the cliff on Mount Mackenzie, and he narrowly escaped death again when years afterwards, the erstwhile fugitive Green recognised and attacked him in the old Kitchen at Underbank. Material on this site has different rights, uses, and permissions associated with it. Meaning people of the hills and plains, the Wonnarua were bounded to the south by the Darkinjung, to the northwest by the Nganyaywana, to the northeast by the Awabakal, and to the southeast by the Worimi peoples. At the given signal the men would dash into the water until up to their mid. All these pantomimic representations are largely mixed with abominable and obscene gestures. The markings as those who have seen the figures of early-day blacks will know when finalised were quite a white and weird color. As it reached a terrific climax it ceased suddenly, to be succeeded by great shouting and yelling from the men. The settlers of Port Stephens, reinforced by the small body of time expired soldiers, retained by the A.A. Coy, proceeded direct to the scene.. . The main shaft was the dried stem of the gigantic lily (pooloongearn), and into this was fitted a secondary portion, a part of the dried flower stem of the grass tree (pummirri). 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